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Introduction: Migraine as one of the most common types of headaches with high prevalence has significant impact on the lives of patients.This study estimated migraine prevalence and clinical characteristics of migraine patients in Hamadan.

Methods: In this crossed- sectional study, all patients who referred to the neurology department of Sina Hospital from 2010.03. 21 to 2011.03.20 and confirmed by neurology specialists as migraine patients, were studied. Demographic data (age, sex, occupation), the scale migraine disability and clinical characteristics data were collected. The obtained information was analyzed by using SPSS 16 software descriptive statistics.

Results: During the study, 128 (12.8%) of the migraine patients referred to the neurology clinic. females constituted 68.7% of the patients. The average frequency of migraine attacks was 9.1 in a year. Pulse headache in 91 patients (85.1%) and one-sided headache in 79 patients (61.7%) were seen. Nausea and anorexia, respectively, the first (67.1%) and second (43.7%) had symptoms associated with migraine. Based on the obtained information from the mean MIDAS 53 (41.4%) of the patients with the average score of 23 showed severe performance degradation.

Conclusion: Findings related to the severity of headache after that loss of work to reflect the importance of the social impact of migraine and the need for making strategies for migraine prevention and treatment are very important. In other words, more attention should be paid to initial prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

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Introduction: Ethics is one of the most fundamental professional training issues in nursing and midwifery. The aim of this study was to determine the awareness rate of professional ethics of nurses and midwives.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, of 289 samples from Hamadan teaching hospitals in 2013were selected using a stratified random sampling. Data gathering, which was a two-part questionnaire, was developed by researchers. The first section contained demographic information and the second section contained with three sections to assess knowledge of ethic. Data Processing and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS 16. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics containing the chi-square and correlation tests was used. Further, the significance level of the test was considered 0.05.

Results: The results showed that 33.2% of the research units aged between 26 and 30 years old. 87.9% of them were females and 36.7% had work experience from 1to 5 years. Most of the samples in moral – professional area were good (26.6%) and medium (68.9%). Also, they were good (31.1%) and medium (63.0%) in communication area. In law area, they were good (1.7%) and medium (49.5%). From the studied variables, there was meaningful relationship between area of moral with employment status and location of service person (P=0.001), the legal field with work experience (P=0.003) and the communication field with location of service person (P=0.003).

Conclusion: The most rate of awareness of the units in moral and communication and law fields were, respectively, good and week. Therefore, continuing education classes are recommended to be held.

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Introduction: In addition to high costs for society, treatment of end stage renal disease (ESRD) by permanent hemodialysis creates many physical and psychological problems for patients. The etiology of ESRD in every community differs according to genetic, nutrition, and public health status. The aim of this study was to investigate the most important causes of ESRD in hemodialysis patients of Tuyserkan City. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on registered data of 165 patients undergoing hemodialysis in Tuyserkan City from 1996 to 2012. Required information including age, gender, age of first hemodialysis session, causes of ESRD and dialysis-related variables were collected by a checklist from the patient’s files. Then, the data were analyzed by using Stata 11: descriptive statistics including tables, means and standard deviation.

Results: From total of 165 patients, 56.3% were male, 53.3% of them aged over 60 years and only 10.3% of the patients aged less than 30 years The most prevalent causes of ESRD in the patients were idiopathic causes (32.7%), high blood pressure (28.5%), diabetes mellitus (23%), urologic complications (8.5%), glomerulonephritis (8.4%) and polycystic kidney (4.2%).

Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are most common causes of ESRD in Tuyserkan. Better management of patients suffering from hypertension and diabetes could prevent patients from being affected by ESRD.

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Introduction: Despite progress in health and medical sciences, human lice are still considered as a health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with its pediculosis in Central Prison of Hamadan in 2013.

Methods: In this descriptive and analytical cross sectional study, from 2900 male prisoners, 384 were selected by the systematic method. After reviewing in terms of pediculosis infection, the extracted data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20.

Results: The study showed that 5.2% of the prisoner was infected with louse. Most infections were observed in the age group of 30-39 years old, and the lowest in the group of 20 years old and less (P>0.05). The highest rate of pediculosis was seen in the people had drug addiction, and buying and selling, no specific bed, common use of bed and blankets, bath once and less per week (P<0.05). Comparison of Age, a period of imprisonment, level of education and number of prisoners in room, between healthy and infected people showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Most cases of infected with lice were in the head (85%), body (10%) and pubic (5%).

Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, it can be said that the conditions of the prison, including density, the type of crime and lack of hygiene and the use of personal devices are highly associated with the prevalence of pediculosis.

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Introduction: Quality care and client satisfaction are of major priority in health services. Compliance of patient rights causes their satisfaction therefore, it is one of health care preferences and unavoidable necessities. Considering this issue and importance of quality control of cares, this study was accomplished in order to determine quality of performance of patient’s rights by surgical and anesthesia staff at Hamadan’s educational hospitals in 2012.

Methods: This descriptive analytic research was conducted on all surgical and anesthesia staff as well as operating room of the educational hospitals (205 people). Required information was gathered through four checklists of the performance of patient’s rights in different sections including reception, surgery room (surgical and anesthesia staff) and recovery. Each one of the staff was observed five times. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software version 16 and chi-square test were used.

Results: Mean score of patient’s rights compliance in reception, surgical and anesthesia staff, and recovery sections were, respectively, 70 , 56.3 , 57 and 55 of total score of the pertinent checklists. Patient’s rights compliance in all parts were in moderate level (50.2 ), and had significant relation with sex (P=0.03) and part (P=0.01).

Conclusion: The performance of patient’s rights in operating room of Hamadan educational hospitals was average in 2012. Based on the results, appropriate measures should be performed in aspects of introduction of HCWs, selection of anesthetic technique, giving necessary information, respect to patient privacy and obtaining specific surgical consent.

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Introduction: In order to improve the quality of provided services in hospitals, implementation of clinical governance depends on a number of factors, including: things which cause decreased or increased patients’ satisfaction, effect of staff’s treatment on patients’ satisfaction and participation of staff in the project. The aim of this study was to determine patients’ satisfaction with the implementation of clinical governance in surgery ward of Besat Hospital of Hamadan in 2013.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 122 patients admitted to the hospital to undergo surgery in Besat hospital. Patients were selected based on random sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made two-part questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, patients’ data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and by SPSS version 17 software.

Results: 64% of patients have never been admitted to the mentioned hospital before, and habitation place of 64% of patients was in the city and 36% in rural area. also most of the patients 45% were under diploma. The results showed that patients were grouped as 2% without satisfaction, 11% less satisfied, 55% moderately satisfied and 32% very satisfied.

Conclusion: The results showed that suitable treatment of hospital staff, responding to patients’ questions, informing patients’ of their disease, as well as to explain the current status, all lead to increased patients’ satisfaction, cooperation with medical staff and therefore promoting the process of healing and treatment of disease.

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Introduction: Evaluation is the most sufficient approach to improve the quality of education. In order to reach this goal, there have been many tools that one of them is logbook. Present study aims to estimate the effect of using logbook on students’ satisfaction and clinical evaluation in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2013.

Methods: In this interventional study, 33 students were involved. The assessment content and face validity of the statistical forms and the questionnaire were approved by the members of the faculty. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained 97.0 for forms and 91.0 for questionnaires. The results were compared. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 with T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results: Mean score of students’ satisfaction from evaluation by logbook was 2.55±0.62, mean score of students’ self-evaluation was 2.96±1.03, evaluation score of first instructor was 2.81±1.03, evaluation score of the second instructor was 2.74±1.01and also evaluation score of both instructors was 2.77±1.01. The results showed significant correlation between students’ self-evaluation scores and evaluation scores of both instructors, between students’ satisfaction and their mean self-evaluation scores, between students’ self-evaluation and evaluation score of both instructors and students’ academic marks. However there was a significant inverse correlation, between student’s satisfaction and evaluation score of both instructors (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the students’ satisfaction of using logbook and the same scores of self-assessment between students and teachers, one can suggest this approach in clinical education owing to its effectiveness, objectiveness and acceptability.

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Introduction: Herpes simplex virus infection is one of the most common human infections in most parts of the world. Infection of female genitalia, as a common involving region in body, may cause neonatal infection to vitus and lead to dangerous complications. The aim of the current research was the assessment of the seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in females referring to genetic center of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Hamadan from 2005 to 2010.

Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, from total of 5700 females, referring to the genetic center of ShahidBeheshti Hospital in Hamadan between 2005-2009, 921 females who their medical data of HSV tests were available in their records were studied. The collected data were analyzed using Chi square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and SPSS version 16 software.

Results: The results showed that 5.3% of the females referring to genetic center of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of hamadn were seropositive for hsv-2 antibody. The trend for change in prevalence of seropostivity of HSV 2 was significant and there was a meaningful relationship between marriage status and positivity of Hsv2 antibody among females.

Conclusion: It seems that the prevalence of HSV-2 infection has had a decreased trend in recent years. The prevalence rate of HSV-2 was in consistent with other parts of the country, which may be due to the awareness of people of transmission routs, prevention as well as treatment methods.

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Introduction: Urinary tract infections are the second common infection in children, which cause renal parenchyma damage- as the most major sequel. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) in primary school children of Hamadan City and drug resistance of isolated microorganisms in 2014.

Methods: In this descriptive/analytical cross-sectional study, 350 urine samples were collected from the students of Hamadan City using the two-stage cluster sampling. The samples with positive nitrate and pH above 7 were cultured. Then, they were inoculated on the blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and after 48 hours of incubation, positive culture samples with at least 105 CFU/ ml were identified using standard microbiological methods. The sensitivity of isolated pathogens to 12 common antibiotics for gram negative bacteria and 11 common antibiotics for gram positive ones using the standard agar disk diffusion method was evaluated. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and chi-square test.

Results: The results showed that from 62 (17.7%) students suspected to UTI, 45 cases (12.8%) were diagnosed. The most common isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli 16 (35.5%), Staphylococcus aureus 14 (31.1%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 9 (20%) and Enterococcus spp. 6(13.3%), respectively. Also, it was found that E. coli was 100% sensitive to Nitrofurantoin. Regarding S. aureus and S. saprophyticus, amikacin was found to be the best antibiotic and ofloxacin for Enterococcus .

Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of UTI without obvious symptoms in children, especially girls of primary school age and the probability of recurrence or its complications, screening, diagnosis and treatment of UTI in students is important. Furthermore, the impact of factors in the prevention of urinary tract infection with education in schools is essential.

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Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy is a global health issue which impacts the families and societies, negatively. Women with unwanted pregnancy due to unpleasant sensations during pregnancy, are at the risk of hypertension, abortion, preterm birth and low birth weight. The current study was aimed to survey unwanted pregnancy rate and related causes in pregnant women in Kerman, 2013.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was randomly carried out on 231 pregnant women referring to the Afzalipour Maternity Center of Kerman in 2013. Information was collected by individual interviews, using a confirmed researcher-made questionnaire with reliability of 0.81 and validity coefficient. Data analysis was done by descriptive indices and chi-square test, using SPSS-17 software.

Results: In current study 30.3% unwanted pregnancy was reported. The probability of having unwanted pregnancy was significantly increased with increasing mother’s age, (P=0.001) and decreased with increasing level of mother’s education (P=0.02). The chance of unwanted pregnancy in families with more children was higher (P=0.0001). There was significant relation between unwanted pregnancy and the husband’s age (P=0.02) and job (P=0.02). Also significant relationship was seen between unplanned pregnancy and contraceptive method (P=0.04). The level of knowledge in unwanted pregnancy group was less than wanted pregnancy group and it was statistically significant, too (P=0.002). The health care centers were the main source of getting contraceptive information.

Conclusion: The results of this study state that there is an inverse relationship between unwanted pregnancy and number of children, low level of women’s education and higher age of mother. Thus, these factors should be considered more precisely in consulting for choosing the contraceptive methods.

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Introduction: Quality of work life (QWL) is a comprehensive program which leads to promotion of productivity, performance and satisfaction of staff. Occupational stress is, also, defined as individual`s physical, mental and emotional reactions which are experienced due to working life needs and changes. Therefore, this research aims to determine the relationship of QWL with occupational stress in Bu-Ali Sina university staff.

Methods: The study is a cross sectional-descriptive type carried out on 178 individuals of Bu-Ali Sina university staff. The data were collected through standard questionnaire of determining QWL and questionnaire of classification of individual`s stress. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and Lambda test, by utilizing SPSS-16, were used.

Results: The results showed that the level of QWL in the population of the study was at the medium and there was a positive significant relationship between QWL and staff education (P=0.001) and between QWL and staff working experience (P=0.04). However, between QWL and sex, marital status and age no significant relationship was found. Based on Pearson correlation test, there was obtained a significant relationship between score of QWL mean and mean of individuals` stress (P=.0.004). In another word, the greater the individuals` QWL, the less stress they experience.

Conclusion: Regarding the research findings, managers should improve the level of QWL through cooperative programs and team working to reduce occupational stress in the workplace.

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Introduction: Spouse abuse refers to any violent behavior dependent on gender and resulting in physical, sexual, psychological injuries and women suffering. It has adverse consequences in society and family. Current study was aimed to assess factors affecting spouse abuse in women in Shiraz city.

Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on women victims of spouse abuse referring to center of legal medicine of Shiraz city, 197 patients were randomly selected in 2013. The data were collected using a demographic information form, a standard questionnaire assessing violence against women, general health questionnaire, and Female Sexual Function Index. The data were analyzed by the SPSS version 18 statistical software using, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression.

Results: Among the highest rates of spouse abuse, psychological violence, with an average (55.80) and the lowest economic violence with an average of (6.11), respectively. There was a significant and direct correlation between in dimensions of physical violence (P=0.001; r: 0.10), economic violence (P=0.007; r: 0.15) and general violence (P=0.052; r: 0.11) and the general sexual function. Moreover, the variables of contraception, family involvement spouse, history of husband addiction, number of children, economic class of parents spouses, spouse age and sexual function significantly predicted the spouse abuse in women (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of domestic violence and its relationship with the couple’s characteristics, increase awareness of the problem and the factors influencing it, seems necessary.

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Introduction: Due to the growing trend of hookan smoking as one of the serious threats to health and given that the risk of hookan smoking has not been explained well in the society, this plan aimed at determining predictive factors of water pipe smoking among pre-university students in Yazd.  

Methods: The analytical-descriptive study was done by using the cross-sectional method on 304 pre- university students in the city of Yazd. Sampling was conducted by the multi-stage cluster method. The data were collected by the GYTS questionnaire standard questionnaire of risk and protecting factors of smoking. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software.

Results: The findings of this study showed in total 219 (31.1%) of the students   used hookah. Among the demographic variables, gender, student educational status, fathers’ education, household income, rate of tendency to hookah smoking had a significant relationship with hookah consumption. And, among variables related to individual, family and social risk factors, negative student attitude, sensation seeking, sensitivity to anxiety, anxiety disorder and, irregularities social environmental and impaired psychological school environment were considered as the predicting factors of hookah smoking.

Conclusion: The gained results can contribute to solve the current challenge of the addiction to the smoking through determining the target population in required interventions and future planning.

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Introduction: Caffeine is the most widely consumed physiological stimulant which is consumed via natural sources, such as coffee and tea as an energetic drink and dietary supplement.  The present study was conducted to identify the effect of different doses of caffeine on time to exhaustion, resting level and cardiovascular responses in male athletes.
Methods: Eight male student athletes targeted and were randomly divided into three groups of control, dose of 2.5 mg/ kg caffeine, and dose of 5 mg/ kg caffeine, in a crossover design. Exercise protocol included exhausting running on treadmill (Using Bruce test). Blood pressure (BP), HR and RPP (rate pressure product) was measured before and 1 hour after taking caffeine and immediately after exercise. The data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA with repeated measures (at significance level of 0.05) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (at significance level of 0.0167).
Results: The data showed that taking both doses of 2.5 mg/ kg and 5 mg/ kg caffeine significantly increased time to exhaustion (P≤0.0167). In addition, dose 5 mg/ kg caffeine significantly Increase systolic blood pressure and RPP at rest, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and RPP at immediately after to exhaustion (P≤0.0167).
Conclusion: It seems that male athletes can increase/improve the time to exhaustion by consuming 2.5 mg/ kg of caffeine supplements without deleterious side effects of cardiovascular instead of 5 mg/ kg 1 hour before exercise. Further researches are necessary, to draw firm conclusions.

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Background and Objectives: Nurses play a unique role in supporting and contributing to families to adaopt with strerssful situations. Nurses play a unique role in supporting and contributing to families to adaopt with strerssful situations. Thus, nurses need to be aware of the expectations of patients' family members of their roles to be able to perform the policy of the support of family members and maximize the satisfiction of them. The purpose of this study was to assess Patients' family member perception of the role of nurses working in intensive care units that was perceive by family members.
Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical. In this study, 302 family members of the patients admitted to the intensive care ward of Shahid Rajaee Heart Center were selected. To collect information, a family member questionnaire was used for understanding the behavioral expectations / perceptions of the nurses adapted from the questionnaire to understand their role in the family and Lvandsky Hyky. By using descriptive statistical tests (mean and standard deviation) and analytical tests (One-way ANOVA and independent-t), the data were analyzed.
Results: It was found that meeting the expectations of family members of the role of nurses has been suitable and most of the family members think that the role of the nurses in intensive care units is positive.
Conclusions: The findings of the present study show that, although family members' preception of the role of nurses is positive and there is a significant relationship between some expections of family members and the performance of the nurses working in intensive care units, the nurses should should increase their awareness of patients' family members' expectations.

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Background and Objectives: Preeclampsia is the third leading cause of maternal mortality in the world. Despite extensive studies, its etiology remains unknown. Determining the incidence and the risk factors of the disorder in different regions can be useful in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of preeclampsia and its related factors in the women admitted to obstetrics and gynecology ward of Shahid Sayyad Shirazi Hospital.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 572 high risk pregnant women referred to obstetrics and gynecology department of Shahid Sayyad Shirazi Teaching Hospital in Gorgan during April to March 2013 were evaluated using valid checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 and descriptive statistics.
Results: Among total of 572 records, 43 women were known preeclampsia cases and 17 of them were eclampsia. The incidence of preeclampsia was 7.51% and ecclampsia was 2.97%. The mean age of hospitalized mothers due to preeclampsia was 29.11 years. 55.8% of mothers were in age range of 26-35 years. Five percents of the mothers had a history of cardiovascular disease and 28.3% had a history of hypertension.
Conclusions: Maternal hospitalization due to preeclampsia was high among other serious pregnancy problems. The prevalence of preeclampsia in our study population was significantly different from global statistics requiring further investigation.
 

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Background and Objectives: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four weeks endurance- resistance exercises with iron supplementation on blood hematological indexes of active girls.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 active girls were placed in two groups of eight girls' experiment (endurance- resistance exercises with iron supplementation) and control (endurance- resistance exercises with placebo) with random sampling. Four weeks training duration was three sessions per week and each session was 90 minutes. Iron supplementation and placebo (flour) were consumed the night before the exercise.
For measuring hemoglobin and ferritin in two days before starting  the intervention (pre-test) and two days after ending the intervention (post-test). The fasting blood samples were taken. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov - Smirnov and T-Test and the significant level was considered as P<0.05.
Results: After four weeks of training and iron supplementation, a significant increase in Hb and a correspond decrease in Fer were observed. In control group, a significant increase in Hb and a correspond decrease in Fer were not seen. Also, there was not a significant relationship between effects of groups: control and experiment on Hb and Fer in after the test.
Conclusions: The findings illustrated that there was not a significant change in Hb and Fer because of mechanisms of homeostasis, low doses of iron and menstruation. Thus, it is recommended that iron supplements should be prescribed by physicians to be taken by athletes with iron-deficiency anemia and should.
 

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Background & Objective: Although antiepileptic drugs have controlled the epilepsy attacks substantially, the side-effects are still considered as a problem to the patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sodium valproate and carbamazepine on sexual function in men with epilepsy.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study 35 male married epileptic patients with the history of taking carbamazepine for at least one year and 35 other male married patients using sodium valproate for at least one year have been participated. Both groups' sexual activity information has been evaluated by international index of erectile questionnaire. This fifteen question survey has investigated men's sexual activity in 5 fields such as erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction and overall satisfaction. Each question has 5 scores at most and the total score of the survey comes to 75.The results have been analyzed by Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney U tests using the statistical software SPSS (ver.16.0).
Results: The average of total gained scores in sodium valproate takers was more than carbamazepine takers (51.68, 53.42) but there was no significant difference (p=0.582). Twenty-five sodium valproate takers (48.1%) and twenty-seven carbamazepine takers (51.9%) had erectile function disorder but there was no significant difference (p=0.584). The sodium valproate group average scores in all sexual activity fields except sexual desire was more than carbamazepine group but there was significant difference regarding only sexual desire.
Conclusions: sexual activity disorders in men with epilepsy, especially erectile disorder were highly prevalent and also the result showed that patients who take sodium valproate had better status than carbamazepine takers regard to sexual activities except sexual desire.
 

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