Introduction: since the most important asset of any organization is its human resource and organizationalPerformance goals of any organization depends on the people who work in the organizationthe role of job satisfaction is an important factor in motivation is obvious. Hence, this study carrying with the aim of assesses satisfactory health care workers of Hamadan city.

Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted as a census 278 staff at health centers in Hamadan. Also to measure job satisfaction use questionnaire Smith (JDI), which have six areas. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: The results showed the mean overall satisfaction score of 2.57 ± 0.5 (from 5). The effect of gender on job satisfaction determined No significant association was found with gender. The results showed that the level of education was significant association with both subscales promotion & direct responsible, in this way higher education level, have direct associate with opportunities & direct responsible satisfaction.

Conclusion: The results showed that appropriate supervision in an organization would create an enjoyableworking atmosphere. Moreover, by trying to resolve the economic problems of the staff, it would have beneficial effects on increasing job satisfaction among the employees. Keywords: job satisfaction, questionnaire Job Descriptive Index (JDI), Health care centers staffs.

Introduction: As seasonal turbidity is one of the major challenges in drinking water supply consequently, take an appropriate method to provide standards range is necessary. This study aimed to determine the effect of Snail shell as a coagulant aid in the removal of turbidity in aqueous environments using electrocoagulation process through aluminum electrodes.

Methods: This experimental study was investigated at the laboratory scale. The used reactor had a volume of 1 liter whit four aluminum electrodes as a cathode and anode in the form of a direct current power supply. Effects of pH (9-6), initial concentration of turbidity (200 NTU to 800 NTU), reaction time (30 -10 min), the concentration of Snail Shell (0.5-4.5 mg/L) and the potential difference (10-40 V) were examined.

Results: The findings indicated that the best performance for turbidity removal obtained at pH 8, reaction time 30 min, potential difference of 40 V, SS 2 mg/L dose of coagulant aid concentration and turbidity 200 NTU.

Conclusion: The results suggest that Electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes have good performance for removal of high concentration of turbidity and snail shell coagulant aid is a good option to improve the performance of the electrocoagulation process.

Introduction: Despite the decline of infant mortality in recent years, this problem is still in health care system in society. Identification of factors affecting infant mortality enables the health systems to design effective interventions. This study aimed to identify factors that contribute to infant mortality in high-risk pregnancies.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study in which neonatal deaths in 2011, were investigated in Tuyserkan City. Data were collected primarily through city family health unit and then the checklist of care records and medical records were collected from newborns died. In this study, the influence of risk factors for pregnancy and newborn mortality by categories of mothers in both groups were free of risk factors and risk factors. The data were analyzed using Stata 11.

Results: In this study, the higher risk of gestational were for ages greater than 35 years and more than four times (16.1%). Among the variables examined, only the method of delivery and prematurity in infants without risk factors was different between the two groups of high-risk mothers. Significantly greater risk of cesarean delivery in women without risk factors was maternal (p=0.03). The most important underlying cause of death was premature infants (60.09%).

Conclusion: Special attention is required during preconception, pregnancy and postpartum care for mothers at risk or high risk, especially since it is mandatory according to the country's health system. Moreover, providing quality health education and counseling to couples counseling and genetic testing can be effective in reducing infant mortality.

Introduction: Increasing environmental pollution by the discharge of wastewaters containing copper has caused much concern because of the serious health effects, particularly the brain and liver and its bioaccumulation. The objectives of this study was to investigate the performance of a low-cost and natural adsorbent namely Falcaria vulgaris to remove Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.

Methods: In this study, the leaf of Falcaria vulgaris was collected from farms in Lorestan Province and used for preparing the absorbent. Effect of various parameters such as solution pH (2-12), contact time (5-80 min), Cu concentration (50-150 mg/L) and adsorbent dose (0.3-2 g/l) were studied. The experimental data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm. Absorbent characteristics such as BET surface, pore volume, particle size and pHzpc were determined.

Results: The results showed that Cu adsorption was affected by factors such as initial copper concentration, adsorbent dose and solution pH. Maximum adsorption was obtained at the solution pH of the adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing the initial Cu concentration. Among four isotherm models studied, Langmuir model (with maximum adsorption capacity of 8.83 mg/g) well-described the copper adsorption onto the adsorbent. The BET surface area of the adsorbent obtained from the leaves Falcaria Vulgaris was achieved to 2.6 m2/g.

Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed that the prepared adsorbent has a good ability to remove copper ion from aqueous solutions. Regarding the low cost, ready to preparation and high efficiency of the prepared adsorbent from Falcaria vulgaris, it can be used as an appropriate alternative instead of relatively expensive adsorbents such as activated carbon to remove metallic pollutants.

Introduction: Burnout syndrome includes aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decrement of personal accomplishment. Medical and health care staffs are vulnerable to burnout syndrome because of their exposure to physical and psychological stressors. The present study assessed the rate of features of burnout syndrome and its relations to demographic characteristics in staffs of health care centers of Hamadan city.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as a census on 278 staffs at health centers in Hamadan. Data was collected using the demographic questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory. The obtained data were analyzed via SPSS software.

Results: Average score for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were 21.44, 4.71 and 32.17, respectively. There was a significant relationship between emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment (P<0/001). There were no significant relationship between burnout and demographic characteristics including age, sex, marital status, education level, work experience, housing status, employment status and income (P>0/05).

Conclusion: In view of high frequency of burnout (55.7) among health staffs and the impact of burnout on job, family, individual performance, absence from work and early retirement and job satisfaction increase through improving working conditions in the health care environment should be paid more attention.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorders in pregnancy. Identifying risk factors for GDM helps to better understand the disorder and develop appropriate screening Strategies. This study aims to identify risk factors for GDM among pregnant women in rural areas of Hamadan province.

Methods: This was a case-control study. GDMs were  extracted in rural areas of Hamadan province during the year 2011. After removing those who migration out of the province, died cases and those with a history of diabetes deaths, 112 pregnant women with GDM were identified. The control group was selected and necessary matches between the two groups were performed. After referring to their pregnancy files, The checklist were completed. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software, version 11, an and error level less than 5% was considered.

Results: Most cases were in the age group 30-40 (57.1%), Their mean age was 33.3±0.5 years. 37.5% of cases had experienced third pregnancy. Body Mass Index (P=0.03), history of hypertension before pregnancy (P=0.03) and a history of high-risk pregnancies (P=0.003) had a significant relationship with GDM.

Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, high BMI, history of high-risk pregnancy, history of hypertension before pregnancy had a significant relationship with GDM. Because of the differences in some of the relevant factors for GDM in different locations, prospective studies with larger sample size and standard criteria for the diagnosis of GDM is necessary

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of change in the development of body, mind and social relations. During this period, persons gradually assume responsibility for their health. These changes put adolescents at risk of developing health-risk behaviors. This study was conducted to evaluate the health-promoting behaviors among high school students in Hamadan in 2013.

Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. High school students were selected as target group and 360 of them were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method in 2013. Health-promoting behaviors questionnaire was used to collect data. For data analysis b software SPSS version 16 mean, standard deviation and frequency were used.

Results: The results showed that from six health-promoting behaviors, physical activity and health responsibility were not in good condition among the students. 88.1% of the subjects had well status in self-actualization and 48.9% of them had good health responsibility behavior. 57.8% of the students had appropriate nutritional behaviors and 91.9% mentioned perceived social support status at the high level. 55.8% found stress management behaviors good and 41.9% of the subjects expressed that they had good physical activity.

Conclusion: Providing training programs, in order to improve health behaviors and prepare training materials and textbooks suitable for the needs of this group of the society, can be entirely beneficial and enhance the level of physical and mental health of the students.

Introduction: To identify early changes in growth and ensuring proper continued development of children, evaluation of development and improvement of children’s health is very importance. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of stunting in first-grade students and its association to parental education, socioeconomic status and household size in Hamadan.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a number of 32 elementary schools were considered by cluster sampling method, in 2012. Required data was collected through 1257 first-grade students’ records in elementary schools. One way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation test and logistic regression were performed to analyze data using SPSS software version 16.

Results: The stunting prevalence was found 6 percent in Hamadan. Also, the results of this study didn’t show any significant association between father’s and mother’s occupation and household size with stunting in first-grade students (P<0.05). A significant association between education level of father and first-grade students’ stunting was seen (P=0.002, r=0.308). Moreover, significant correlation was recognized between education level of mother and stunting in children (P=0.001, r=0.388). Logistic regression represented an adjusted significant association between age and parental education level and stunting prevalence (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that parental education level is highly associated with stunting in the first-grade students. In this regard, it is suggested that mass media, healthcare and educational centers personnel have interventions to increase awareness of parents.

Introduction: Scabies is a highly contagious zoonotic skin disease caused by the parasitic mite. The disease spreads throughout the world and a is major public health problem in many developing countries and basically associated with poverty and overcrowding population.Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate epidemiologically the scabies in the central prison of Hamadan in 2013.

Methods: This is an analytical descriptive-cross sectional study. From 2900 male prisoners, 384 were chosen by using the systematic method after checking and clinical examination then, the data were gathered by the demographic questionnaire and they were analyzed by SPSS version 20 using chi-square test and T-test.

Results: The results showed that 2.6% of the prisoners were diagnosed with scabies. The highest prevalence was in the age group of 30-39 years. Also, the prevalence of scabies was observed more in people, who were in prison for less than 6 months, buying and selling of drug addiction, lack of having a specific bed, common use of blankets, bath once and less per week and lack of using shampoo and soap. Rate of infection on the trunk, arms and legs were 40, 40 and 20 percent, respectively. Mean of age, term of imprisonment and prisoner’s room members did not show a significant difference between healthy and infected individuals (P>0.05).

Conclusion: In this study, high incidence rate of scabies was seen. With education about symptoms and ways of transmission and treatment of infected patients and improve health as well as reduce the number of prisoners living in each room can be an important step in the control of the disease.

Introduction: Drug abuse is regarded as one of the most important challenges in the field of individual family and community health. Due to ignoring the dangers of drug abuse, considering the driver’s license applicants who are exposed to drugs while driving is necessary. The purpose of this study was to determine predicting factors with drug abuse among applicants for driving license in Hamadan by application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic. 388 applicants for driving licenses of 6 Driving School in Hamadan, from July to August 2012 were selected by the cluster sampling. The data were collected using the standard questionnaire based on theory of planned behavior and analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 16, with chi-square test, Pearson correlation and logistic regression.
Results: There was a significant relationship between the experience of drug abuse and the following demographics variables: sex (P=0.001) and marriage status (P=0.046). Also, there was a significant relationship between the experiences of drug abuse and the following variables: intention to drug abuse, having friends who had experienced alcohol, drug abuse and medications addiction treatment, having the experience of alcohol consumption, drug abuse consumption and medications addiction treatment (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that subjective norms (P=0.003), and perceived behavioral control (P=0.001) were the most influential predictors of intention drug abuse on these pepole.
Conclusion: Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control can be taken into account for predicting risk behaviors and drug abuse prevention programs codification.

Introduction: Now a days being involved in the jobs that are consistent with the capabilities and limitations, is one of the most important priorities of occupational health and company executives. The aim of this study was to determine the work ability index and factors affecting it in the fruit and vegetable stands workers in the fields of Tehran in 2014.

Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The studied group was 268 workers, chosen by simple random selection, in the fruit and vegetable stands of 22 different zones of Tehran’s fields. In order to predict the work ability, demographic and career information questionnaire and work ability index questionnaire was used. Based on obtained scores, individuals were classified into four groups for the prediction of work ability. Statistical methods such as chi-square, correlation coefficient and T-test were utilized to data analyze, by using SPSS version 18.

Results: Mean of work ability index was 36.46±6.44. All Correlation coefficients showed a significant inverse relationship between age (P<0.001) and job experience (P<0.03) with work ability index. Also difference of mean work ability in six job groups was not statistically significant (P=0.06). No significant relationship was seen between level of education and work ability (P=0.12). On the other hand, mean of work ability index for singles was significantly higher, compared with married ones (P=0.03).

Conclusion: According to the results, the ability index of workers in fruit and vegetable stands was intermediate. Therefore, it is suggested that training programs, insurance coverage and pensions to be more considered based on labor law and modifying workstations, in the priorities of employers.

Introduction: Nowadays, owing to industrial activities heavy metals alongside chemical and physical pollutants are discharged to the environment resulting in extensive pollution of water bodies. Thus, simultaneous reduction of hexa-valent chromium and nitrate using granular zero-valent magnesium was studied.

Methods: The current experimental study was conducted in 250 ml erlens on a shaker as bench scale. The effects of pH, zero-valent magnesium concentration, initial concentration of chromium and nitrate, contact time, temperature and reduction-oxidation potential were studied. In order to measure chromium and nitrate, the methods of colorimetric and cadmium reduction were applied by using direct reading.

Results: The efficiency of hexa-valent chromium and nitrate removal increased with increasing magnesium concentration, initial concentration of pollutants, contact time and temperature, while it decreased when there was an increase in pH value. The highest efficiency was reached in the following conditions: pH=3, magnesium concentration=0.7 g/L, and initial chromium concentration=100 mg/L. The findings showed that the two pollutants interface each other leading to a decrease in the efficiency as the reduction of hexa-valent chromium and nitrate decreased to, respectively, 93.8 and 72% at the optimum conditions and 81 and 46% at the separate simultaneous reduction.

Conclusion: Considering there are various pollutants in industrial wastewaters, the results of this study illustrated that zero-valent magnesium can be applied to remove several pollutants simultaneously.

Introduction: Motorcycling is one of the most important factors of causing injury and motorcyclists are assumed to be as a vulnerable group of road accidents. Evaluation of epidemiological characteristics of traffic accidents in motorcyclists provides valuable information to be used for determination of research priorities. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of country-level traffic accidents among motorcyclists in 2013.

Methods: In this Cross-sectional study data was collected and studied from the national accidents record program in 2013. All traffic accidents, that injured people has received medical services in any private or public hospitals, were considered. Incident rate of accidents in motorcyclists was calculated per ten thousand. For the occurrence of accidents, GIS software package was used and data analysis was done by Ecxel 2010 and Stata 11.

Results: In the present study, all injured motorcyclists included 168239 male and 23222 female. Number of traffic accidents in men was higher than women [87.9% and 12.1%, respectively] and the most affected people were in range of 20-24 years old group. Also, most of the traffic accidents has occurred on streets and alleys (84.12%).

Conclusion: Most of the traffic accidents has occurred in young people and urban areas. To reduce the risky behaviors and therefore decrease in the rate of motorcyclists’ traffic accident, development of strict laws and improvement of the cultural awareness should be emphasized more strongly.

Introduction: Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the major plastic compounds which are used to make different productions such as fibers and food containers. Due to the stability of the plastic in the nature, as well as reuse ability of some plastic wastes, codification of an integrated program to collect and recycle these materials is necessary.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, being done in four areas covered by Hamadan municipality, data was drawn from the range of journals, authentic internet sites, prepared questioners and direct interviews with solid waste manager and recycling organization director of Hamadan municipality. In order to estimate the amount of plastic waste, the total amount of wastes collected by public, private and itinerant sectors were evaluated. Then, the average rate of recycled PET was calculated per month.

Results: According to results, 17.6% of city waste matters in Hamadan was in form of solid wastes, which PET’s contribution was 0.99%. By recycling process, also, it is possible to save 3160000 MJ energy and 56100$ from 51 tonnes of plastic waste.

Conclusion: The result of this study showed that household recycling approach is more effective than other waste collecting management methods. In line with this, training people can play an essential role in learning recycling approaches.

Introduction: Production and processing of raisin different areas are different based on weather conditions and their technological devices. Thus, generated wastewaters in each area are very different from another one in terms of quality and quantity. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the electrochemical process, which is an environmentally benign and simple technique, in the effluent of a raisin cleaning factory.

Methods: The wastewater from a raisin cleaning factory was treated by the electro-oxidation process in pilot-scale reactor (as batch) with an effective liquid volume of 80 ml. In order to study the amount of the performance of this process in organic matters removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the samples were measured before and after every run. Moreover, the effects of parameters pH, current density, and reaction time were studied and consumed electrical power was calculated.

Results: It was found that 86% of COD was removed at the following conditions: pH 3, current density 40 mA/cm2 and reaction time 360 min and the efficiency went up with increasing both time and current density. Further, at optimum conditions, the amount of electrical energy consumption was 5.4 kW/h COD.

Conclusion: Considering high loading rate of the wastewater in this study, this system can be applied as a pretreatment step despite having high efficiency and the effluent from this process requires further treatment to meet environmental standards.

Introduction: Injuries from accidents are the major and avoidable causes of illness and death in most countries of the world. Knowledge of the occurrence of accidents is of special importance to health policy makers. The aim of this study was to determine the injuries caused by accidents in emergency department of Hamadan province.

Methods: This study is descriptive-analytic from cross sectional type, that all patients referred to emergency department of hospitals in Hamadan province, during 2009 to 2014, were assessed. Data extracted from injury register software and was analyzed with Stata software version 12, at an inaccuracy of less than 5%.To determine the relation between sex and mechanism of injury chi square test was used.

Results: A total of 135,925 patients were registered during this period. Mean age of patients was 30.19±18.4. 72.6% of cases were men and 39.74% in the age group of 20-34 years. Household accidents included 37.27% of the occurred accidents. Hitting (22.21%), car accidents (21.78%) and falling (10.69%), were the most accidents accounted in both sexes. There was a significant difference between sex and mechanism of injury (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Because the men in youth and middle age are the most victims of accidents, therefore a great economic burden is imposed on the society. Moreover, it is necessary to allocate precise educations for this age group and to take preventive strategies to reduce the burden of injuries related to accidents.

Introduction: High-risk behaviors are the most important factors endangering the public health. Due to the risks and negative consequences of unsafe sexual behaviors, purpose of this study was to assess related factors with the intention of safe sexual behaviors based on the theory of planned behavior among male addicts covered by substance abuse treatment centers.

Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 163 cases of male addicts covered by substance abuse treatment centers in Hamadan city in 2013. Individuals were selected, using simple sampling, from three centers and a questionnaire including the theory of planned behavior constructs and sampling-demographic information, through self-administered, was completed. SPSS-16 and a backward logistic regression analysis method were employed for data analysis.

Results: This study showed that 55.2% of participants had a history of illegal sexual intercourse and only 46.66 percent of them had used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Results of logistic regression analysis on variables of constructs the theory of planned behavior showed subjective norms was the strongest predictor of behavioral intention of safe sexual behavior among participants (P<0/03).

Conclusion: It seems that due to effectiveness of this model in predicting safe sexual behaviors, the implementation of educational courses for addicts covered by substance abuse treatment centers, based on the theory of planned behaviors, can be beneficial.

Introduction: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease as a major health problem worldwide. Since the selection of an educational model results in its start and continuation in a right destination, the purpose of the present study was to determine the knowledge, beliefs and performance of Malayer city’s health volunteers about hepatitis B based on the health belief model (HBM).

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 272 health volunteers of Malayer city were selected by the census sampling method, in 2015. Data were collected by the self-report method through a questionnaire prepared by researcher and verified its validity and reliability. The questionnaire included the demographic information of the health volunteers and knowledge, performance and dimensions of the HBM. Finally,the data were analyzed using software SPSS 20 through the correlation and linear regression.

Results: Among the structures, the perceived benefits had the most score (26.86) and the perceived barriers had the lowest score (95.43). In regression analysis to predict behaviors, the variables: self-efficacy, knowledge and foreign practice guide were detected. These variables could predict totally 31% of behavior’s changes (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Based on the findings obtained by the current study, in design of educational interventions, structures of self-efficacy, knowledge and foreign practice guide should be emphasized as the most important predictors of health volunteers’ behavior.

Introduction: Pregnancy is one of the most important and dangerous life periods of the mother and fetus and feeding in this term will affect the health of them. This study aims to determine the nutritional behaviors status and its related factors among pregnant women in Tabriz.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study applied cluster sampling method to select 380 pregnant women referred to health centers in Tabriz in 2014. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire with items on the standard nutrition behavior questionnaire. Independent t-tent, ANOVA and liner regression analyses were performed to analyze the data in SPSS-20.

Results: According to the results, Bread and cereals, meat and beans, fruits, and vegetables consumption were matched with recommended levels in 45.5%, 26.8%, and 44.7%, and 29.5% of the subjects, respectively. Milk and dairy consumption, also, was reported in 57.5 percent of pregnant women in satisfactory condition. The majority of those taking folic acid pills (90%), iron (82.9%) and multivitamin tablets (78.2%) were reported in satisfactory condition. Education level and body mass index were the most considerable predictors of the nutritional behavior among pregnant women (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Based on our findings, designing educational interventions with considering behavioral barriers is necessary to promote healthy nutritional behaviors in pregnant women.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy that affects women, and given the prevalence and importance of breast cancer, a study was designed to Comparison of Social Support and Perceived Stress in women with and without breast cancer referred to Mahdieh MRI & CT Scan center in Hamedan in 2013.

Methods: This cross-sectional study is conducted on 116 women with breast cancer and 116 women without breast cancer referred to Mahdieh MRI & CT Scan center of Hamadan(Iran) in 2013 using Random sampling method. Data have been collected with percived social support and percived stress Questionnaire and processed with SPSS-16 software using descriptive statistics, independent t, and chi-square tests.

Results: The mean perceived stress in patients with and without breast cancer was 44.62 and 34.15 respectively. Results obtained from data analysis showed that there was statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of percived stress (P=0.04), this means that in patients with breast cancer perceived stress was higher than others. The average score of perceived social support in both group was 38.66 and 36.14 respectively. The favorable perceived social support were higher in those without breast cancer, But not exist a significant difference between the two groups in terms of social protection.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study are likely social support and perceived stress are very important factor affecting breast cancer. People with social support and perceived stress reduction can prevent breast cancer or decreased deaths from breast cancer.