Zeynab Khoshhal, Sahere Sima Shirazi, Behruz Mahmoodi Bakhtiari, Enayatolla Bakhshi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (3-2015)
Abstract
Introduction: one domain of morphology is inflection that adds syntactic considerations to the words. This domain is affected in individual with language disorders. So evaluation of inflection in these people is important. In this study, methods of verb tense inflection evaluation were compared and the best method was determined.
Methods: This study was descriptive-analytical. The participants included 27 girls and 28 boys who were in age group 3 and 4 years old. They were selected by multistage sampling method of Rasht kindergartens. 8 tasks were used for evaluating of verb tense inflection, include: Two optional task, Question task, Sentence completion 1, Sentence completion 2, Immediate repetition, Modelling 1, Modeling 2, Story completion. The tenses that were evaluated included: past simple, present perfect, past continuous, past perfect, simple present, present subjunctive. The results of study were analyzed using central tendency include the mean, measures of variability include the standard deviation (or variance), the minimum and maximum values of the variables and repeated measures with the use of SPSS 16.
Results: The mean scores of immediate repetition was more than others but because of inefficiency was abandoned. Thus story completion was chosen as the best method. Also the results of repeated measures showed that the scores of other methods had significant difference with story completion. Modeling 1 and modeling 2 had the least scores.
Conclusion: The story completion is the best method among other methods of this study.
Mansour Noori, Ebrahim Pishyareh, S.ali Hosseini, Nazila Akbarfahimi, Mehdi Rahgozar,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (6-2015)
Abstract
Introduction: Regarding the prevalence of upper extremity disorders in cerebral palsy and its importance in educational performance and participation in daily life activities of children, upper extremity function could hold an essential role in quality of life. So this study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between upper extremity function and quality of life in the children with spastic cerebral palsy which referred to medical centers in Tehran in 2013.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 children with spastic cerebral palsy were chosen by stratified sampling method from Roshd Occupational Therapy Center in Tehran, in 2013. The “quality of the upper extremity skills” test was performed by the evaluator and “the quality of life questionnaire for children with cerebral palsy” was completed by the parents. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in order to analyze the gained data by SPSS version 19 software.
Results: The results indicated that there is a significant relation between upper extremity factors and all criteria. Regression analyze showed that 35% of variance of the welfare and social acceptance criteria (P<0.001), 53% of participation and physical health criteria (P<0.001), 41% of function criteria (P<0.01), 28% of emotional welfare criteria (P<0.001), 29% of pain criteria and dissatisfaction with disability (P<0.001) is explained by factors of upper extremity function, respectively.
Conclusion: Our study states that having high level of upper extremity function is equal to higher level of quality of life and its scope. Therefore, in order to improve the upper extremity function, by programming and clinical reasoning, it is possible to promote the quality of life in spastic cerebral children.
Zeynab Kkhoshhal, Ali Jahan, Majid Mirzaee,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
Introduction: Child's vocabulary increases with age and knowing its growth is important for research and clinical purposes. This study aimed to determine the most frequent words and lexical categories in Azari-speaking children aged from 18 to 24 months. Also the lexical development trend up to 24 months was studied.
Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on 17 18-24 month old Azari-speaking children selected by the cluster sampling method from Tabriz’s kindergartens and lasted for 6 months. The tools for the collection of data included weekly children's vocabulary sheet and vocabulary lists. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Among 279 words, 31 words were used in the first week of 18 months. Childlike words: foods and stereotypes were the most used words. Childlike words made the largest category and animal words made the smallest category. Thirty seven words met the age of acquisition criteria during 6 months that the childlike category with 11 words was the largest and grammatical words and location categories each with 1 word were the smallest categories.
Conclusion: Considering that childlike words are most used compared to other categories, it can be concluded that children, at first, learn words that are easier pronounced and expressive lexicon size and variety of its categorizes increase by age increase.
Safoura Ghasemi, Heydar Sadeghi, Zahra Basiri, Ahmad Tahamoli Roudsari,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
Introduction: Exercises are effective in bone density in different areas of the body when they can increase the mechanical load or dynamic pressure in those areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises in water on bone density of premenopausal women.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest design. Twenty premenopausal women, between 40 to 45 years, were randomly selected in two groups of exercise in water and control group in the city of Hamadan in 2016. The experimental group completed 12 week exercise training, three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density (Total Hip and Femoral Neck) in subjects were measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, dependent and independent t-test and ANCOVA on a significant level P<0.05 with SPSS version 21.
Results: Femoral bone density (total hip and femoral neck) in water training group compared with the control group showed a significant difference (P=0.002 and P=0.046). In control group decrease in bone density of the hip in total hip and femoral neck (P=0.004 and P=0.033) were observed.
Conclusion: Regarding the differences in the training in water group and the control group,
weight-bearing exercises in water in premenopausal women are recommended, because it can prevent a decrease in bone mineral density stemming from aging in this period.
Mahdieh Seyedi, Sedigheh Sadat Mirbagheri, Samira Karimi, Sheida Chegini, Nazila Akbar Fahimi,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (5-2017)
Abstract
Introduction: Grip strength and muscle tone of the upper limb is one of the most important factors changed in post-stroke patients. The effect of splint in the reduction of muscle tone and strength in patients with stroke is significant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of volar neoprene hand splint on grip strength and spasticity in a patient with stroke.
Methods: In this study, volar neoprene hand splint used in a patient with stroke for 8.5 hours a day for 10 weeks. Weekly evaluation included spasticity and grip strength, using the Ashworth Scale and dynamometer.
Results: The numerical value for grip strength at baseline and without the splint was 0.53 kg and at the end of the tenth session evaluation was 3.03 kg. The numerical value of grip strength of wearing splint was at baseline and last session was 0.1 and 2.5 respectively. There was significant difference on grip strength in wearing splint in the last session. This study demonstrated statistically significant improvements in spasticity by using volar splint.
Conclusion: The results of this study on the use of volar splint neoprene on grip strength and spasticity showed significant changes in the measured items which suggest a positive effect of considered splint on the patient of this study.
Negin Moradi, Parvane Rahimifar, Samira Aghadoost, Majid Soltani, Nader Saki, Ehsan Naderi Far,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: In health system using patient-based tools to measure life quality is a source of making clinical decision. The voice of individuals with hearing loss faces have some problems because of getting inappropriate feedback. According to multilateral impacts on life quality, it is necessary to study the relationship between public life quality (SF 36) and voice-related life quality (VHI) in adults with different hearing losses.
Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive–analytical and samples were 50 individuals with hearing loss (25 individuals with mild hearing losses, 25 individuals with moderate to severe). Basic information was extracted by interview and then the subjects completed the SF36 and VHI questionnaires. The mean score of each questionnaire was calculated, and the obtained data were analyzed by spearman statistical test in SPSS 22 software.
Results: There isn’t any significant correlation between the total score and three subtests of VHI (emotional, physical, and functional) and SF36 in individuals with mild hearing loss. Also the results showed that there is significant correlation between the total score and two subtests of VHI (physical and functional) except emotional tests and SF36 in individuals with moderate to severe hearing loss.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for psychosocial rehabilitation along with sound technique. So it is necessary that speech and language pathologists try to improve cognitive-psychosocial factors along with voice treatments to increase voice-related quality of life in these patients.
Majid Mirzaee, Zeynab Khoshhal,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (10-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The length and complexity of syllable structure in the utterances of the children increase with ageing. According to the role of the syllable in the speech process, performance of developmental studies on syllable acquisition in children are essential. The present study aimed to investigate the development and attainment of syllable structure and the distribution of syllable pattern in Azeri-speaking children.
Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on seventeen Azeri-speaking children (18-24 months old) selected by the cluster sampling method from Tabriz’s kindergartens and followed for 6 months. A researcher-made vocabulary sheet, vocabulary list, and verbal play were used to record children's expressive vocabulary. After collecting each child's vocabulary list, the target vocabulary was classified by syllable number and syllable structure. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics.
Results: In children aged 18 and 19 months, 67% of vocabulary words were monosyllable, 24% bisyllable, and 9% more than bisyllable. The highest amount of syllable pattern production for monosyllable and bisyllable was CVC (36%) and CVCV (52%), respectively. Distribution of syllable patterns changed with age, as well as patterns became more complex. In these two months, the rate of usage of open and closed syllables was 35% and 65%, respectively; this ratio was constant with age.
Conclusion: The children produced coda consonants before they were able to distinguish vowel length. Closed syllables were earned earlier than the vowel length, and obstruent consonants at the syllable coda position before sonorant consonants. At first, the children were not able to distinguish vowel length, but with age, they showed short and long vowels representation.
Leyla Ezazi, Sediqe Safaeyan , Davood Sobhani Rad, Hamid Tayarani Niknezhad, Parisa Rajaee, Mahdiye Zavi, Asieye Solati, Kiarash Golestani,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (10-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Word definition is a linguistic and metalinguistic skill related to the development of language, academic success and intellectual function. There is a little research in the field of word definition in children with cochlear implant (CI) in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine and compare the word definition in children with CI with normal children.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 22 children with CI and 22 normal children aged 6 to 8 years were selected in an available manner to assess the word definition by using the test conducted by Mohammadi and et.al (2009). The inclusion criteria included being monolingual, congenital impairment, using of the CI device, operating up to three years of age, the presence of any comorbidity and getting the early intervention. Exclusion criteria included the lack of cooperation of the examinee. It was used SPSS v.19 for statistical analysis. Mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum scores were calculated. Also, it was used, the Mann-Whitney test to determine the significant differences of the scores of variables.
Results: The normal group gained the highest scores in the three section, functional (p = 0.003) and structural (p <0.001) aspects, and have a higher score in the total word definition test (p <0.001).
Conclusion: The weakness of hearing in impaired children in vocabulary definition skill demonstrate their semantic and syntactical deficits. There were aligned studies with our results in specific language impairment which are expected to be considered by speech and language pathologists (SLPs) in their interventional planning.
Seyedeh Faezeh Fazelian,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The present study provides an overview of studies in neuroscience and sign language. It also examines the sign language and the neural regions involved in this language both in terms of its perception and in terms of its production. Sign language processing has been done, with most agreeing on the importance of the left hemisphere in sign language processing. New studies also speak of the right hemisphere's involvement. Many studies have identified the sign language as a means to increase our knowledge of the linguistic and cognitive basis of the brain
Materials and Methods: This article reviews, evaluates and critiques the results of articles presented in databases from 1998 to 2018, and categorizes the information obtained in accordance with the content of the studies and reviews. 24 studies including neural basis for sign language, early sign language acquisition, working memory and manual excellence in the sign language were examined.
Results: Many language studies have identified gesture as a means of enhancing our knowledge of the linguistic and cognitive basis of the brain. Studies have been conducted on the active role of the cerebral hemisphere in sign language processing, with most agreeing on the importance of the left cerebral hemisphere in sign language processing. New studies also speak of right hemisphere participation. Language comprehension Sign language comprehension differs markedly in both the left and right hemispheres, and this particular difference is mainly in the related visual areas.
Conclusion: Sign language neuroscience research has expanded rapidly in recent years and has become a major part of neuroscience research. The output of these studies is also in the area of brain organization and brain plasticity in language cognition and processing. So it seems that further studies on different aspects of the sign language production and understanding are needed to get to the basis and function of the brain.
Bahareh Rezaei, Mohammad Rezaei,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Children with hearing loss demonstrate cognitive, communication, speech and language deficits. Poor organization in mental lexicon and reduction in vocabulary are the obvious consequences of hearing loss. The main objective of this study was to evaluate perception and expression of nouns, and test-retest reliability of two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests, in Farsi-speaking in mild- moderate hearing loss children in Hamadan.
Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study. 58 Hearing loss children mean age 4.3± 1.92 (25 females, 31 males) were selected from Niousha Rehabilitation Center of Hamadan. Two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests were used in this study. For the sake of test-retest reliability, 10 evaluated two times with one day time interval.
Results: There was a significant positive correlation between mean scores of perception and expression (P=0.001, r=0.679). Mean scores of girls and boys was not statistically different. Findings about test-retest reliability show that, these two tests have optimal reliability.
Conclusion: Descriptive statistics of the mild-moderate hearing loss children can be part of normative data alongside other findings of other cities of Iran. In addition, confirmation of reliability shows part of the efficiency of these two tests in research and clinical settings.
Zahra Tanha , Saba Hasanvandi, Fatemeh Azizi , Raziyeh Jalili,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (6-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: People with hearing impairments are exposed to many health problems. These deficiencies can disrupt the mental health and other aspects of daily living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and resilience with mental health in people with hearing loss.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population consisted of all persons with hearing impairment referred to the audiology center of Faculty of Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 98-97 and the sample included 154 persons who were selected by available method. Questionnaires were included Goldberg and Hiller's General Health (1979), Bar-An's Emotional Intelligence (1980) and Conner and Davidson's Resiliency questionnaires (2003). Data were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression.
Results: The results of this study showed that all dimensions of emotional intelligence and resiliency had significant positive relationship with mental health. The results of regression analysis also showed that the variables of independence, self-concept, problem solving, optimism, and impulse control were able to predict mental health and explain 21% of its variance.
Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the necessity of considering the underlying variables of emotional intelligence and resilience in mental health of people with hearing impairment and draw the attention of mental health professionals to this issue.
Saideh Sadat Mortazavi, Zahra Mortazavi, Malihe Safari, Solmaz Rahbar, Mohammad Reza Asadi,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common problems of school aged children which if not prevented and treated can lead to physical and psychosocial disorders. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between musculoskeletal disorder and school Bag features among mentally retarded students.
Materials and Methods: The present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Thirty three students with mental retardation in Hamadan were selected for this study. Demographic and Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaires were used to collect data. Independent t-test, and Chi-square test were used for analysis.
Results: The results showed the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is 54% in mentally retarded students. The most common site of pain, in 36% of them, is shoulder pain. The significant relationship is between bag weight and mentally retarded students 'gender (P = 0.006) and mothers' education (P = 0.01). There was no significant relationship between bag type and musculoskeletal pain (P = 0.48).
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop regular treatment plans and close cooperation of rehabilitation specialists with teachers and families of these students in order to make timely diagnosis and treatment. The need for educational strategies in the field of ergonomics due to the health of mentally retarded students should be considered.
Homa Naderifar, Roya Najafi-Vosough,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, 360 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. Of these, 32 million people are hard hearing or deaf under the age of 15. According to the studies, many hearing defects could be avoided through prevention, early detection, and proper management. Studies show that the improper use of music players harms hearing. So that, the threshold of damage to Cochlear hair cells is reduced in people who listen to music at least for a year for > 1 h/day, at > 50% of the maximum volume setting. However, noise-induced hearing loss has been increasing among young people and adolescents who are exposed to noise from recreational situations and music playback devices. This may be due to a lack of awareness or misconceptions about the effects of noise exposure. Therefore, it seems necessary to create new approaches that aim to maintain and improve ear and hearing health, prevent ear diseases and manage them.
Elaheh Azadian, Mahdi Majlesi, Soudeh Saberifar,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Balance weakness and changes in the walking pattern of deaf children due to vestibular disorders have been clarified by past studies. This study aimed to investigate static balance and walking in sensorineural deaf children with two methods of linear and non-linear assessment of posture control.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 20 hearing and healthy boys (10.80±1.46 years old) and 20 boys with deafness greater than 75 dB (11.30±1.89 years old). Static balance was evaluated during tandem stance and with feet together on an unstable surface using a force plate. Kinetic and kinematic variables of gait were also investigated. The independent and dependent t-tests were used to assess the inter-group and between-group differences in SPSS21 software with p < 0.05.
Results: The results of static balance showed a significant difference between groups in linear variables. The amount of sway, path, area, and speed of the center of pressure movement in the deaf was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). However, entropy (non-linear evaluation) was only significant in the medial-lateral direction of tandem test (P<0.05). Lower gait speed and an increase in the medial-lateral component of the ground reaction force were observed in the deaf (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, the evaluated linear variables were more sensitive to deafness and vestibular system disorder than the nonlinear variable. Entropy is a sign of variability and irregularity in a person's performance; therefore, deaf people may be more likely to be vulnerable in the medial-lateral direction due to more irregularity in this direction.
Azadeh Dehghan Nasab, Elaheh Azadian,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) not only have impairments in cognitive functioning but also experience difficulties in perceptual and motor skills, which may lead to balance deficits and increased risk of falls. The preset study aimed to assess the relationship between fundamental motor skills and postural control adaptability and compare them in teachable children with ID and normal children.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study involved 34 girls with ID and 30 age-matched healthy peers aged 7-13. Balance variables, including amplitude, variability, and velocity of the center of pressure (CoP), were evaluated using the force plate in Tandem and Feet-together conditions. Fundamental motor skills were also assessed using the third edition of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3). The independent t-test and repeated measures were used to examine between-group and within-group differences in balance variables. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation were also employed to assess group differences and the relationship between variables. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. A p-value less than 0.0 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results pointed out that children with ID had lower scores on the TGMD-3 test compared to the control group (P<0.05). Adaptability in variability and amplitude of CoP was significantly lower in the ID group compared to the control group (P<0.05); nonetheless, there was no significant difference between the two groups in velocity under all conditions (P>0.05). The correlation analysis also demonstrated that displacement scales and object control had a moderate and significant relationship with balance variables (P<0.05).
Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, children with ID have impairments in fundamental motor skills and balance. Adaptability in postural control, especially in the anterior-posterior direction, may increase the risk of falls. Balance interventions may be effective in improving fundamental motor skills in both children with ID and those without intellectual disabilities.
Parasto Shirzadi, Salar Faramarzi, Samira Vakili, Mohammad Parsa Azizi,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Language is one of the most important components of growth in children. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a language skills improvement package based on cognitive rehabilitation and determine its effectiveness on the expressive language performance of children with specific language impairment (SLI).
Materials and Methods: The method of the current research was of mixed exploratory type. The statistical population in the qualitative section were scientific articles and the opinions of university professors and experts. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through deductive thematic analysis, and then a set of interventions was developed over 12 sessions, and its content validity was confirmed. The quantitative part of the research was a clinical trial, and its statistical population included all children aged 5-7 years with a specific language disorder who were referred to private speech therapy clinics in Borujerd, Iran, among which 30 children with an average age of 6.31 ± 0.92 were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study were the fourth version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, a semi-structured clinical interview, and the Newcomer and Hammill language development test. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) with analysis of variance with repeated measurements.
Results: Based on the obtained results, there was a significant difference between the mean expressive language scores in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages (P<0.01).
Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the language skills promotion package based on cognitive rehabilitation is effective in improving the expressive language of children with SLI, and therefore, this package can be used as an intervention method to improve the expressive language of children with SLI.
Bakhtiar Piroozi, Ghobad Moradi, Mehdi Zokaei, Hossein Safari, Siroos Hematpour, Mozhgan Moshfeq, Hassan Mahmoodi,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perspectives of a sample of healthcare professionals regarding strategies for improving the care of children with disabilities in Iran.
Materials and Methods: The six-stage Q methodology was employed to systematically predict the diverse viewpoints of 15 health professionals working in Iran.
Results: The analysis of the participants' perspectives in the study (Q sorting) resulted in a five-factor solution (accounting for 62% of the total variance) to validate strategies for improving the care of children with disabilities in Iran. The five factors were insurance, health services, social and infrastructural supports (24%); financial, educational, and social support for families and children with disabilities (11%); addressing physical care needs and support from local organizations for the needs of children with disabilities (10%); facilitating access to public transportation, welfare, and sports services (9%); and life and social skills and facilitating service delivery (8%). These factors, as identified by the experts, collectively explained 62% of the variance.
Conclusion: The identified strategies for improving the care of children with disabilities highlight areas that should be focused on in interventions to facilitate the successful implementation of financial, educational, and social support for families and children with disabilities; addressing physical care needs and support from local organizations for the needs of children with disabilities; facilitating access to public transportation, welfare, and sports services; and life and social skills and facilitating service delivery for the needs of children with disabilities in Itan and other developing countries.
