Pajouhan Scientific Journal

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Comparison of Dietary Intake of Vitamin A in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders with Healthy Children in Gorgan City in 2021: A Case-control Study

Fahime Moeini, Maede Mostaghimi, Mohammad Reza Honarvar, Amrollah Sharifi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (Pajouhan Scientific Journal, Spring 2023)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder that is affected by genetic and environmental factors, including nutritional factors. Recently, the role of nutrients, especially vitamin A, in the pathophysiology and treatment of ASD has received increasing attention. In addition, ASD affects the nutritional pattern and therefore some nutrients may not be received enough. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the intake of different forms of vitamin A in children with ASD and healthy children as a control group in Gorgan City (Northeast of Iran).
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 35 children aged 6 to 12 years with ASD and 70 healthy children who were matched in terms of age and gender were included. Food intake information was recorded using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To calculate the dietary intake of vitamin A, the FFQ information was entered into ShaFA software.
Results: The age difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.27). The total intake of vitamin A was significantly higher in the control group than in the ASD group. The intake levels of retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were higher in the control group than in the ASD group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of total intake of lutein and zeaxanthin.
Conclusion: Although the average intake of the two groups was higher than the average values recommended for the corresponding age and gender populations, the lower intake of various food sources of vitamin A in the ASD group indicated the need to pay attention to the food intake of these children, especially that according to the evidence, this disease directly or indirectly affected eating habits and patterns.

Comparison of Dietary Intake of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, and Manganese in Children Having Autism Spectrum Disorders with Healthy Control Children

Fahime Moeini, Maede Mostaghimi, Dr. Mohammadreza Honarvar, Dr. Amrollah Sharifi,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (Pajouhan Scientific Journal, Autumn 2023)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at risk of insufficient nutrient intake due to inappropriate eating habits, problems in sensory perception, and choosing monotonous foods. Minerals play an essential role in the central nervous system, and their deficiency or excess can cause a variety of health issues and can contribute to the development of ASD. This study aimed to compare the dietary intake of zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese in two groups of children, with ASD and healthy controls, in Gorgan City, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the food intake of 35 ASD children aged 6 to 12 years and 70 healthy children was recorded using the semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The average daily intake of zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese was estimated using ShaFA software.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the dietary intake of zinc, copper, and selenium; however, the intake of manganese was significantly lower in ASD children (median±IQR: 2.39±1.83) than in healthy children (median±IQR: 3.24±1.94; P=0.03).
Conclusion: Considering the existence of problems related to eating habits in children with ASD, the results of this study showed the necessity of frequent and regular nutrition assessment for ASD children. Studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Investigation of the Relationship of Autism Spectrum Disorder with Infant Formula Consumption and Employment and Education of the Parents: A Case-Control Study

Maede Mostaghimi, Fahime Moeini, Mohammad Reza Honarvar, Amrollah Sharifi,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Pajouhan Scientific Journal, Winter 2024)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study explored the association between breastfeeding vs. infant formula and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), considering parental education and employment as conferring variables.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 35 ASD children aged 6-12 years and 70 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender. Age, gender, postnatal nutrition, parental employment, and parental education were recorded with parental cooperation.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.005) between the two groups regarding the type of postnatal milk type. Consumption of infant formula alone or combined with breast milk and maternal employment, especially in governmental occupation, were associated with the risk of ASD incidence.
Conclusion: This study provides further evidence of the possible protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against ASD. In addition, child-mother physical distance due to maternal employment seemed to play a considerable role in the risk of ASD incidence.

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