Background and Objectives: cyanides as carbon-nitrogen radicals are very toxic compounds and highly harmful to humans and aquatic organisms. The efficacy of eggshells (ES) was investigated in this research work as an adsorbent for the elimination of cyanide from polluted streams.
Methods: In this experimental study, the capability of ES to adsorb cyanide ions was conducted using a series of batch tests in a shaker-incubator instrument. For each batch run, 100 mL of solution containing a known initial concentration of cyanide and with the preferred level of pH was shacked. The effects of selected parameters such as pH (11-3), reaction time (60–5 min) cyanide concentrations (150–50 mg/L) and the adsorbent dosage (2–0.25 g/L) were investigated on the removal cyanide as a target contaminate. Chemical composition ES were analyzed using a Philips model XL- 30 scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The specific surface and pore size distributions of ES were measured via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods using a Micrometrics particle size analyzer. The concentration of cyanide in solution before and after treatment was determined using the titrimetric method as described in the standard methods.
Results: Analysis of the ES component using the EDX technique showed that the main part of it consisted of calcium and its other components were magnesium, iron, aluminum and silicate. The experimental data showed that the maximum cyanide removal occurred at pH of 11, adsorbent dose (0.5 g/L) and 40 min contact time. The kinetic evaluation indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic had the best fit to the experimental results predicting a chemisorptions process. The equilibrium adsorption of cyanide onto ES was well represented by the Langmuir equation.

Background and Objectives: Synthetic dyes are an important group of additivesused in food products, and because of health concerns about consuming population, the application of these compounds is needed to be enough controlled. The aim of this study was to investigate the types and frequencies of the dyes used in making pastries in the confectionery of Tuyserkan city.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study investigated the types of consumed dyes in confectionery’s pastries of Tuyserkan city. A total of 80 samples including wet and dry pastries are randomly sampled from 17 confectioneries. The steps of the experiment consisted of degreasing the sample, purification, and determining the type of dye were down by using Tin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. All charts used in the study were drowned by Excel Software (2013).
Results: The results indicate, among the total 80 samples, 17 samples contained no dye, 15 samples with natural dye, 44 samples with permitted synthetic dyes, and 4 samples have non-permitted synthetic dyes. Moreover, of all the synthetic dyes, 8 samples contained Quioline yellow dye, 10 samples with Sanset yellow dye, 8 samples with Azorubine dye, 5 samples with Brilliant blue dye, 5 samples with ponceau 4R, and 4 (5%) samples have Allura Red.
Conclusions: This study showed a remarkable part of used dyes in the confectionery of Tuyserkan city is non-permitted. Therefore, it is proposed to reduce the amount of synthetic dyes by restriction in distribution, more controlling by health departments, and increasing the awareness in consumers and manufactures.