Introduction: In addition to high costs for society, treatment of end stage renal disease (ESRD) by permanent hemodialysis creates many physical and psychological problems for patients. The etiology of ESRD in every community differs according to genetic, nutrition, and public health status. The aim of this study was to investigate the most important causes of ESRD in hemodialysis patients of Tuyserkan City. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on registered data of 165 patients undergoing hemodialysis in Tuyserkan City from 1996 to 2012. Required information including age, gender, age of first hemodialysis session, causes of ESRD and dialysis-related variables were collected by a checklist from the patient’s files. Then, the data were analyzed by using Stata 11: descriptive statistics including tables, means and standard deviation.

Results: From total of 165 patients, 56.3% were male, 53.3% of them aged over 60 years and only 10.3% of the patients aged less than 30 years The most prevalent causes of ESRD in the patients were idiopathic causes (32.7%), high blood pressure (28.5%), diabetes mellitus (23%), urologic complications (8.5%), glomerulonephritis (8.4%) and polycystic kidney (4.2%).

Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are most common causes of ESRD in Tuyserkan. Better management of patients suffering from hypertension and diabetes could prevent patients from being affected by ESRD.