Volume 23, Issue 2 (Pajouhan Scientific Journal, Spring 2025)                   Pajouhan Sci J 2025, 23(2): 134-146 | Back to browse issues page

Research code: 28646
Ethics code: IR.SUMS.SCHEANUT.REC.1402.112


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Jafarnezhad A, Ghaem H, Sahraian A, Hassanzadeh J. Scoring and Norming of the Standardized Addiction Tendency Questionnaire for Iranian Children Aged 12 to 18. Pajouhan Sci J 2025; 23 (2) :134-146
URL: http://psj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.html
1- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4- Research Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, School of Health, Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran , epidhassanzadeh@gmail.com
Abstract:   (700 Views)
Background and Objectives: Substance addiction is a significant health and social problem among children, necessitating standardized screening tools. This study aimed at scoring and norming the standardized Addiction Tendency Questionnaire for Iranian children.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study involved 1,532 Iranian students aged 12-18 years. Multi-stage sampling (stratified-cluster-simple random) was employed, and data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 22). For normalization, three statistical criteria were utilized (i.e., 95th percentile, Z-score, Mean±2 standard deviations).
Results: Scoring and normalization were conducted based on statistical criteria. The findings revealed that age (OR=1.22, P<0.05), female gender (OR=1.77, P<0.01), secondary education level (OR=1.63, P<0.05), and parents' educational level below diploma (father: OR=2.17, P<0.01; mother: OR=2.35, P<0.01) were significantly associated with increased odds of addiction susceptibility. These results confirm that low parental educational level is the strongest predictor of addiction risk.
Conclusion: This study aimed at scoring and norming the standardized Addiction Tendency Questionnaire for Iranian children. The results demonstrated that statistical criteria (mean±2 standard deviations, Z-score, and 95th percentile) can identify high-risk groups. Therefore, this tool can be introduced as a basis for public health policymaking and prevention, as well as screening programs in schools and healthcare centers. By providing a scientific framework based on demographic and psychometric evidence, this questionnaire enables targeted screening and the development of practical strategies in the field of public health in Iran.
Full-Text [PDF 1344 kb]   (213 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research Article | Subject: Biostatistic & Epidemiology
Received: 2025/04/20 | Accepted: 2025/06/1 | Published: 2025/06/21

References
1. Jafarnejad A, Khanjani N, Tirgari B. Factors associated with addiction in children in Kerman city. Journal of community health research. 2017; 6(3): 175-184.
2. Jafarnezhad A, Tirgari B, Khanjani N. Childhood addiction in Iran: A grounded theory study. The Open Public Health Journal. 2019; 12(1). [DOI:10.2174/1874944501912010575]
3. Hassanzadeh J, Jafarnezhad A.The process of validating a persian version of addiction potential scale for children in the Iranian population: a systematic review. Addiction & Health. 2024;16(2):140. [DOI:10.34172/ahj.2024.1473] [PMID]
4. Oviedo-Joekes E, Marchand K, Guh D, Marsh DC, Brissette S, Krausz M, Anis A, Schechter MT. History of reported sexual or physical abuse among long-term heroin users and their response to substitution treatment. Addictive behaviors. 2011;36(1-2): 55-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.020] [PMID]
5. Shokri K, Ranjbaran R, Rukhosh A. Addiction approaches and models. Soc Health Addict. 2018;18(5):105-138.
6. Yahyazadeh H. The Effects of Family Factors on Drug Abuse Inclinations. Social research. 2010; 2(5): 123-142.
7. Waly, G. UNODC World Drug Report 2022 highlights trends on cannabis post-legalization, environmental impacts of illicit drugs, and drug use among women and youth. 2022.
8. Jafarnezhad A, Ghaem Maralani H, Sahraian A, Hassanzadeh J. Design and validation of an addiction potential questionnaire for Iranian children aged 12 to 18 using exploratory factor analysis. Addict Health. 2025;17(1):1-9. [DOI:10.34172/hpp.025.44299] [PMID]
9. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16(3):297-334. [DOI:10.1007/BF02310555]
10. Jebraeile H. Development and standardization of a questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction and substance use based on questionnaires of five-factor model of personality, emotional intelligence and resilience. Psychometrics. 2017;5(20):69-86.
11. Dehkordian P, Delavar A, Jali H. Preparing and normalization of addiction potential scale among students of Tehran universities . Quarterly Journal of Educational Measurement. 2012; 2(6): 1-24.
12. Smith GR, Burnam MA, Mosley CL, Hollenberg JA, Mancino M, Grimes W. Reliability and Validity of the Substance Abuse Outcomes Module. Psychiatric services. 2006; 57(10):1452-60. [DOI:10.1176/ps.2006.57.10.1452] [PMID]
13. Minooee M. Assessment of the scientific validity, reliability and normalization of APS, AAS and MAC-R tests for spotting vulnerable individuals exposed to drug abuse among male high school students in Tehran. Etiadpajohi. 2003;1(3):77-108.
14. Gharaati Sotoudeh H, Arefnazari M. Normalization and Validation of a Questionnaire on Effective Life Skills for Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Addiction in Adolescents. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2020; 18(2):231-238. [DOI:10.32598/irj.18.2.910.2]
15. Sperber AD. Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126: S124-8. [DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.016] [PMID]
16. Pahlwan Sharif S, Sharifnia H. Factor analysis and modeling of structural equations from zero to master with SPSS and AMOS software. 3rd ed. Tehran: Jame-e-Negar. 2022.
17. Hassanzadeh J, Ghaem M, Jaafari F, Jaafarnejad A. A guide for conducting exploratory factor analysis in medical science research using SPSS: a brief report. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2024; 81(11): 909-913.
18. Ahmadvand F, Niknejadi F. Standardization of the Questionnaire for Mothers' Attitudes toward Child-Rearing. Family Pathology, Counseling, and Enrichment Journal. 2021;1(1): 131-160.
19. Chelmardi K, Shiralipur A, Fathi E. Family Communicative Boundaries Questionnaire (RBQ): Developing and Standardization. Journal School of Psychology. 2021; 9(4): 20-33. [DOI:10.32598/JSPI.9.4.2]
20. Rezakhani S. Construction and standardization of coping strategies questionnaire with stress for college students. Innovation in management education.2011; 6(2): 83-101.
21. Azimkhani A. The construction and standardization of the rating scale for diagnosis of conduct disorder among the students in fifth grade of elementary school in Tehran city, central Iran (teachers' form). Fundam Ment Health. 2010;12(47):83-574.
22. Mokhtari F, Kazemi Y, Feizi A, Dale P. Psychometric properties of the MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories-III (CDI-III) in 30 to 37 months old Persian-speaking children. Journal of Rehabilitation .2022; 23(3): 372-391. [DOI:10.32598/RJ.23.3.3166.3]
23. Nejati S, Aghdam SA. Structural validity and normative assessment of the Raudsep Creativity Questionnaire among high school students. Innov Creat Hum Sci. 2016;6(1):131-56.
24. Pazhohi T, Nadi MA. Factor structure, validity, reliability, and norming of the Teacher Violence Scale (high school and pre-university students in Gachsaran city). Sci J Educ Evalu. 2017;10(38):13-32.
25. Rostami Z, Abedi MR, Schuffli VB. Standardization of Maslash burnout inventory among female students at University of Isfahan. New Educational Approaches. 2011;6(1):21-38.
26. Shiroudi G. Normalization of the multidimensional scale of children's anxiety among students in Tonekabon city. Q J Educ Psychol Skills. 2014;5(3):33-44.
27. Soleimani F, Azari N, Vameghi R, Barekati SH, Lornejad H, Kraskian A. Standardization of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development for Persian Children. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2022; 23(1):8-31. [DOI:10.32598/RJ.23.1.42.4]
28. Ghorbanshiroudi S. Combined Uncertainty and Linguistic Variables in Response and Scoring To Psychological Questionnaires (Case Study: Abedi Creativity Questionnaire). Innovation & creativity in human science. 2014;4 (1): 83-93.
29. Davoodi A, Naghshpoor P. Determining the reliability, validity, and norm of scores on the California Critical Thinking Skills Test Form B. Scientific Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2003;5(5): 84-90.
30. Seyedan F, Mehrabi M. Assessing The Relationship Between Knowledge Of Legislation And The Effects Of Drug Addicts And Psycho-Drivers And The Relation To Use These Materials Between Students Of 5th And 13th Stage Of Tehran. Research on addiction. 2019;12 (50 ): 105-118.
31. Rezaei AF, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Hajikhani GN, Zabihei M, Hamzehgardeshi L. Drug User Girls' Perceptions of Their Sexual Decision Making: Qualitative Research. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2011;6 (21 ): 79-87.
32. Sheydae R, Pirkhaefi A. The Comparison of Tendency to Addiction and Adjustment in Girls and Boys Students. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction. 2010;4(14):53-62.
33. Seyedan F, Mehrabi M. Assessing the relationship between knowledge of legislation and the effects of drug addicts and psycho-drivers and the relation to use these materials between students of 5th and 13th stage of Tehran. Etiadpajohi. 2019;12(50):105-18.
34. Zeinali A. Validation of Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire in Iran Adolescents (ASQ-AV). Journal of Clinical Psychology.2014; 6(3): 81-93.
35. Ziaaddini H, Sharifi A, Nakhaee N, Ziaaddini A. The Prevalence Of At Least One-Time Substance Abuse Among Kerman Pre-University Male Students. Addiction & Health. 2010; 2(3-4 ): 103-110.
36. Behravan H, Hamidi T, Shahriari A. The Effect of Religious Commitment of Mashhad Firdausi University Students on Using Drugs Prevention. Culture in The Islamic University, 2015; 5 (16): 427-454.
37. Sheikh S, Kashi F. Investigating the prevalence of drug use among Iranian students and demographic characteristics associated with the pattern of drug use. Strateg Stud Sport Youth. 2015;14(30):145-60.
38. Rahimi Movaqar A, Sharifi V, Mohammadi MR, Farhoudian A, Soheimi I, Radgoudarzi R, et al. A review of three decades of research articles in the field of addiction in Iran. Hakim Res Health Syst. 2005;8(4):37-44.
39. Gatezadeh A, Molaei Rad MR. Predicting Adolescents' Addiction Readiness Based on Parenting Styles and the Mediating Role of Locus of Control: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2021; 19(12): 1261-1276. [DOI:10.29252/jrums.19.12.1261]
40. Zargar F, Neshatdoust HT. The impact of demographic and family factors in incidence of child abuse in Isfahan. Journal of Family Research. 2006;2(6):165-176.
41. Adineh J. Child abuse. Psychology and Educational Sciences Studies (Negareh Institute of Higher Education). 2021;63(4):125-139.
42. Soleymani S, Makki Ale Agha B, Etemad Ahari A. Investigating the relationship between parental media literacy and students' academic achievement motivation. Journal of Psychological Science. 2019;18(80):933-940.
43. Tatari F, Shakeri J, Amirian M, Amirian F, Ahmadi Pour M. Study of the epidemiological characteristics of the causes of addiction tendencies in addicts in Kermanshah. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2006;13(2):53.
44. Sohrabi F, Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Taragijah S, Falsafinejad M, Iagubi H, Ramazani V. Substance abuse among state university students, Iran, 1385-1386. Social Welfare. 2009;9(34):65-82.
45. Rostami B, Fakour E, Naderi H, Vakili MM, Mohammadi J. Evaluation of relationship between self-efficacy and addiction potential and acceptance among students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. J Med Educ Dev. 2017;10(27):10-18. [DOI:10.29252/edcj.10.27.10]
46. Burgos L, Gelband M. Addressing substance use disorder in a hospital prenatal setting. Soc Work Health Care. 2024;63(4-5):230-236. [DOI:10.1080/00981389.2024.2316695] [PMID]
47. Wilens TE, Yule A, Martelon M, Zulauf C, Faraone SV. Parental history of substance use disorders (SUD) and SUD in offspring: a controlled family study of bipolar disorder. Am J Addict. 2014;23(5):440-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12125.x] [PMID]
48. Sarala M, Mustonen A, Alakokkare AE, Salom C, Miettunen J, Niemelä S. Parental smoking and young adult offspring psychosis, depression and anxiety disorders and substance use disorder. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32(2):254-260. [DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckac004] [PMID]
49. Remes H, Moustgaard H, Kestilä LM, Martikainen P. Parental education and adolescent health problems due to violence, self-harm and substance use: what is the role of parental health problems?. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2019;73(3):225-31. [DOI:10.1136/jech-2018-211316] [PMID]
50. Welford P, Danielsson AK, Manhica H. Parental substance use disorder and offspring not in education, employment or training: a national cohort study of young adults in Sweden. Addiction. 2022;117(7):2047-56. [DOI:10.1111/add.15807] [PMID]
51. Hassanzadeh J, Jafarnezhad A. The process of validating a Persian version of addiction potential scale for children in the Iranian population: a systematic review. J Addiction Health. 2024;16(2):140-51. [DOI:10.34172/ahj.2024.1473] [PMID]
52. Damghani MA. Studying the effect of opium addiction on the age of occurrence of laryngeal cancer in Kerman province. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2004;11(2):94-99.
53. Faraghati M, Borjali A, Sohrabi F, Farrokhi NA, Skandari H. The role of spirituality and cognitive emotional regulation on addiction cessation with marital status and increasing age. Razi Med Sci J. 2019;26(5):26-36.
54. Ahadi R, Mohammadi S, Toghranegar H. Societal factors affecting industrial drugs addiction (case study: Zanjan City). J Legal Res. 2022;21(49):315-343.
55. Ahmadi H, Moeini M. An investigation of the relationship between social skills and high risk behaviors among the youth: the case of Shiraz city. Strat Res Soc Probl. 2015;4(1):1-24.
56. Khadmians T, Qanatian Z. Study of social factors affecting drug addiction in women addicted to drugs, rehabilitation and harm reduction centers for women in Tehran, rebirth centers, Sun House. Sociol Res. 2008;2(4):59-86.
57. Farajiha M, Allahverdi F. The cultural criminology approach to the changing patterns of drug use amongst the young. Crim Law Doctrines. 2014;11(7):83-106.
58. Mehdi N. Investigating risk factors for tendency towards injection drug addiction in Tehran. Tolooebehdasht. 2009;(3-4):36-37.
59. Amiri M, Khosravi A, Ramezani Dale R. Addiction and social health. Knowl Health Basic Med Sci. 2010;5(6):97.
60. Kheradmand A, Zamani E, Hedayati N. Exploit the developed countries experiences of primary school education to prevent drug addiction and implications for Iran. Addict Health. 2009;1(1):44-51.

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2025 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Pajouhan Scientific Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb