Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 570 mothers of children aged 2–5 years residing in marginalized areas of Hamadan. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed based on five dimensions of child abuse: physical abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and exploitation. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was assessed among mothers. Stratified sampling was applied, and participants were recruited from comprehensive health service centers and health posts.

Results: The findings indicated that the most prevalent type of child abuse was physical abuse (79.6%), followed by psychological abuse (76.3%), neglect (60.4%), exploitation (38.4%), and sexual abuse (21.9%). Male gender was associated with a reduced likelihood of exploitation, whereas Turkish maternal ethnicity was significantly associated with increased odds. Maternal education about child abuse was the only protective factor against physical abuse. Regarding psychological abuse, having maternal education level and witnessing child abuse among others were associated with increased risk, while maternal training showed a protective effect.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate a high prevalence of child abuse in marginalized areas of Hamadan, particularly physical and psychological abuse. Considering demographic and contextual factors may contribute to preventing child abuse. These findings may provide a foundation for educational interventions and supportive policy-making in underserved communities.